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Currently, a new generation of ducted fan UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) is under development for a wide range of inspection, investigation and combat missions as well as for a variety of civil roles like traffic monitoring, meteorological studies, hazard mitigation etc. The current study presents extensive results obtained experimentally in order to investigate the tip clearance effects on aerodynamic characteristics of a ducted fan for small UAV systems. Three ducted fans having different tip clearance gap and with same rotor size were examined under three different yawed conditions of calibrated slanted hot-wire probe. Threedimensional velocity flow fields were measured from hub to tip at inlet and outlet of the ducted fan. The analysis of data acquired by the calibrated slanted hot-wire anemometer were done by PLEAT (Phase locked Ensemble Averaging Technique) and three non-linear differential equations were solved simultaneously by using Newton–Raphson numerical method. Flow field characteristics such as tip vortex and secondary flow were confirmed through axial, radial and tangential velocity contour plot. At the same time, the effects of tip clearance on axial thrust were also investigated by using wind tunnel measurement system. For enhancing the performance of ducted fan, tip clearance level should be best optimized.

Iliyas Raza , Jinsoo Cho. (2020) Tip Clearance Effects on the Performance of Ducted Fan, Journal of Space Technology , Volume 10, Issue 1.
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