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Islam the religion of Muslims, founded on Qu’rānic
revelations transmitted through the Prophet Muhammad (570-632
AD). The Arabic roots slm, convey the ideas of safety, obedience,
submission, commitment, and dedication. The word Islam signifies
the self-surrender to Allah that characterizes a Muslim’s relationship with God. Islamic tradition records that in 610 and 632 CE
Prophet Muhammad began to receive revelations from God through
the mediation of Angel Gabriel. The revelations were memorized
and recorded word by word, and are today found in Arabic text of
the Qur’ān in the precisely the manner God intended.1
The
community, working on the basis of pieces of text written ‘on palm
leaves or flat stones or in the heart of men’, compiled the text some
thirty years after the death of Prophet Muhammad.2
All the Muslims
assert unequivocally the divine authorship of the Qur’ān,
Muhammad is but the messenger through which it was revealed.
Theoretically, the Qur’ān is the primary source of guidance in the
Islamic community (Ummah). The Qur’ān text does not, however,
provide solutions for every specific problem that might arise. To
determine norm of practice, Muslims turned to the lives of Prophet
Muhammad and his early companions, preserved in Sunnah, the
living tradition of the community. Originally the practicing of
Sunnah varied from place to place, reflecting the pre-Islamic local
customs of particular region. By the 9th century, however, the
diversity evident in local traditions was branded as an innovation
(bid’a). Efforts therefore were made to collect record in writing and
authenticate traditions ascribed to the Prophet and his early
companions. These written compendia of traditions (Hadith)
codified the Sunnah and eliminated any further need for reliance on
divergent local sources. The two most important collections of
Hadith are those of al-Bukhari (d. 870) and Muslim (d. 875).
MALIK MUHAMMAD TARIQ. (2008) THE IDEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF RATIONALITY IN ISLAM, Al-Hikmat: A Journal of Philosophy, Volume 28, Issue 01.
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