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Unlike Qurʼᾱn, Ḥadῑth Literature involves weak narrations along with authentically attributed narrations. Scholars of Ḥadῑth Sciences have developed complex system of methods to distinguish sound traditions from the weak traditions. One of the Sciences involved in this complex system is science of “ʽilal”, which is said to be most complex, advanced and final stages of all the Ḥadῑth Sciences. In this Science, each apparently authentic Ḥadῑth is examined with respect to its other chains. One of the important scholars of this field was Imᾱm Dᾱraqutnῑ, whose Book of Al-῾ilal is one of the most outstanding works throughout the ages. The current research study is about defective traditions or defective chains transmitted by Ḥammᾱd ibn Zaid. He has transmitted a diverse collection of Ḥadῑth as well as he was one of the best transmitters in memory. Therefore, separating defective traditions and chains from among the authentic ones shall be very useful in the study of Science of ῾ilal.

Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Anwar. (2017) Disagreement on Ḥammᾱd ibn Zaid in Dᾱraqutnῑ’s Book Al-῾ilal: A Analytical Study, Putaj Oriental Studies, Volume-24, Issue-1.
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