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The present study aimed to explore the psychosocial stressors among by birth hermaphrodites. In Pakistan hermaphrodites are commonly known as hijras. Data was collected through semi structured interviews from 10 by birth hijras [5 guru (leader); 5 chellas (followers)]. The psychosocial stressors explored involved four major domains including family, work, within hijra community and outside hijra community. Method of interpretative phenomenological analysis was used for data analysis. Major and sub themes emerged in each domain. The analysis revealed that within each domain of by birth hijras both gurus and chellas experienced exploitation. They are subjected to abuse and neglect, their security is at risk, and their basic human rights are denied. They experience rejection not only by the family but by the community at large. The findings of the study are discussed in the light of current situation of by birth hermaphrodites and its future implications.

Razia Anjum, Tazvin Ijaz. (2013) Psychosocial Stressors in By Birth Hermaphrodites , Journal of Behavioural Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 3.
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