• Shumaila Khero

• Muhammad Tanveer Alam

• Muhammad Aurangzeb

• Tazeen Rasheed

• Zunaira Nawaz

• Mehwish Fatima Jaffery

• Muhammad Masroor

تلخیص

Introduction: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a brain disorder caused by chronic liver failure, particularly in alcoholics with cirrhosis, which results in cognitive, psychiatric, and motor impairments. In these patients, the number of functional liver cells is reduced, and some blood is diverted around the liver before toxins are removed. As a result, toxins such as ammonia and manganese can accumulate in the blood and enter the brain, where they can damage nerve cells and supporting cells called astrocytes.

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