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The study of Islamic coin calligraphy is relatively late, that of Chinese coin calligraphy is even later. Both calligraphies reflect the political orientation of the respective region and of the central government. Whether it is Islamic coin calligraphy or Chinese coin calligraphy, they reflect the sacred spiritual belonging. Ancient Islamic coin calligraphy followed the secular regime’s obedience to the Qur’Én, and ancient Chinese coin calligraphy embodied the secular regime’s obedience to heaven.

Gu Zhong. (2020) Political Orientation of early Islamic and ancient Chinese Coin Calligraphy, Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society Historicus, Volume-68, Issue-2.
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