Abstract
Hopes to attend school is the most effective means to overcome the burden of disability and become a
self-reliant productive citizen. The objectives of the study were to develop a valid and reliable scale to
measure hopes of out of school children with disabilities and find an association between hopes and
various demographic factors such as type of disability, gender, socio-economic status and locale etc.
Child Hope theory by Snyder (2003) was used as a framework to develop a measure for the hopes of
children. According to this theory, hope is defined as a set of cognition that includes self- perception
which establish routes to achieve desired goals (pathways) and motivation for achieving the goals
(agency). By applying this theory Inclusion Hope Scale was developed and validated. The data were
collected from 361 out of school children with disabilities living in three districts (Lahore, Sheikupura,
Kasur) of Lahore Division by using the cluster sampling technique. Findings of the study indicated that
children with intellectual challenges were more hopeless as compared to other types of disabilities.
Similarly, children living in urban areas have better hopes for inclusion in school. However, no gender
disparity was found in terms of being hopeful to attend schools. The study also includes recommendations
to improve hopes for educational inclusion among out of school children with disabilities.
Afaf Manzoor, Abdul Hameed. (2019) Hopes of Out of School Children with Disabilities for Educational Inclusion, Journal of Research and Reflections in Education, Volume 13, Issue 1.
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