GIS and field studies of Indus delta were conducted during 2005-08 to determine the influence of frequent flooding by river Indus, rare / no flooding as well as frequent oceanic storms on dynamics of mangrove vegetation during 49 years period from 1953 to 2001. Integrated dense mangrove forests which proportionally incorporate dense, medium as well as poor/ sparse mangroves showed the net loss of 30.6% in site exposed to most river water flooding as compared to insignificant loss of 1% in the site with least river water flooding but with daily tidal inundations as well as gain of 18.4% in site exposed to daily high sea waves without any trace of river water flooding.
