Abstract
Khyber Pass has been the most important link of
communication between India and Central Asia since time
immemorial. The caravan, invading armies and seasonal nomads
have been passing through this route. The ancient and medieval
historians were, however, more interested in recording the
chronicles of the invading armies. The invading forces were
mainly Central Asian and Persians, but at times the rulers from
India, especially in ancient and rarely in medieval times, also
included parts of modern Afghanistan in their dominion. The
pass is inhabited by different Pukhtun tribes, including Afridi,
Shinwari, Mullaguri, Orakzai and Shalmani. The Pass has been
their main source of income and the inhabitants have levied toll
on the travelers and caravans for safe passage. The invading
armies were not exempted from the levy and they also preferred
the payment instead of wasting their energies in fighting the
tribes.
