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The purpose of this study was to examine transformational leadership, gender role orientation and leadership effectiveness of male and female leaders within the context of education and health departments in Pakistan and Turkey. The study explored the relationship between or differences among these three primary variables. This research examined in detail the three leadership styles (Transformational, Transactional and Laissez Faire) with respect to gender (male and female), region (Pakistan and Turkey) and department (Education and Health). Surveys were sent to four hundred (n=400) male and female leaders in education and health departments. The survey instrument (Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 5x short Form) consisted of 12 factors. Among 12 factors, nine factors were employed to evaluate components of leadership style, while the remaining three factors were labeled as outcome measures. Out of nine leadership measures, there were five transformational leadership factors, (i.e. Idealized Influence Attributed, Idealized Influence Behavior, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, Individualized Consideration); three transactional leadership factors, (i.e. Contingent Reward, Management by Exception Active, Management by Exception Passive); and one laissez faire leadership factor. The 45 statements of Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire were consisted of 36 items concerning leadership style and behaviour, out of which four items evaluate each of the nine leadership styles. Data analyses involved descriptive strategies, correlational analysis, logistic regression analysis, Chi-Square test analysis etc.

Nasiha Begum, Safia Begum, Aneela Rustam, Sabeena Rustam. (2018) Gender Perspectives of Transformational Leadership Style and Leadership Effectiveness: A Case Study of Pakistan and Turkey, The Dialogue, Volume 13, Issue 2.
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