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The mandate for police officers in the United States to be armed while not on official duty is an area that has not been thoroughly researched. In 1981, the New York City Police Department’s (NYPD) “Carry Policy” went from mandating officers to carry their firearms at all times (both on and off duty) to one in which officers could use discretion as to when to carry their weapons when not working. As part of a research study regarding the carrying of weapons by off duty police personnel of the NYPD, a questionnaire was designed and administered to members of the NYPD. This research has revealed that there are clear differences between males and females as it relates to assignment, the carrying of weapons, the taking of police action, and the display and use of the firearm while on and off-duty, and the amount of stress experienced while taking enforcement action while not working.

Terri Tobin. (2013) Female Police Officers and Use of Firearms in the New York City Police Department, Pakistan Journal of Criminology, Volume-05, Issue-2.
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