تلخیص
Migration from Muslim minority provinces of India at the time of partition in 1947 changed the ethnic composition of the urban areas of Sindh (second largest province of Pakistan) particularly of Karachi. The migrants called themselves Mahajirs. During 1960s, government policy of concentrating industrial growth in Karachi stimulated huge internal migration of other groups too like Pakhtun and Punjabi, which further complicated the ethnic scenario of the region. Sindhi-Mahajir conflict in initial stage was a struggle for identity between migrants and native Sindhis but later it became a tussle over the allocation of resources between them. The situation became complex with the passage of time owing to the presence of other stakeholders in the power politics—Pakhtun and Punjabi settlers. This conflict gave way to the formation of Mahajir identity which resulted in emergence of Mahajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) in 1980s. It emerged as a strong regional political party. Internal divides of this party stimulated violence in the major cities of Sindh, particularly in Karachi. Using primary and secondary sources, this study intends to explore the factors behind the emergence of Mahajir identity and rise of ethnic conflict leading to violence in major cities of Sindh. It also studies the rise of MQM and its role in the ethnic conflict in urban Sindh and in the politics of Pakistan.
محمدعامر اقبال. (2019) عالمگیر یت،سرمایہ داری اور اقبال, , Volume 30, Issue 2.
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