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Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the commonest abdominal emergencies and appendectomy is one of the commonest emergency procedures performed all over the world.The study was done ... Read More
Background:Increased body weight is a major risk factor for the metabolic syndrome which is a cluster of coronary heart disease risk factors, like: hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dysli ... Read More
Background: Hernioplasty for Inguinal hernia is one of the commonest operations performed in general surgical wards. More recently, interest has waxed and waned regarding the minimally invasive approa ... Read More
Background:The epidemiology of paediatric fractures is crucial for developing preventive strategies, but when it comes to developing countries, the urban scenario has rarely been studied in th ... Read More
Background:Problem based learning (PBL) is an instructional approach that utilizes problems or cases as a context for students to acquire problem solving skills. It promotes communication skills, acti ... Read More
Background: Diabetes is usually accompanied by dyslipidaemia, and among these triglyceride levels are related to the insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.HbA1c which is an indi ... Read More
Background: Patients develop postoperative fibrosis at the site of operation after dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)which results in impairment of the osteum patency. This quasi-experimental study ... Read More
Background:In several countries health related quality of life (HRQoL) scales have been used for adolescents, to assess the impact of disease. Health related quality of life scales are used on a range ... Read More
Background:Undiagnosed cirrhotic patients are frequently encountered during routine andemergency surgery. These patients have a higher incidence of blood loss & wound infection, re ... Read More
Background: The assessment of dental anxiety among children will aid in dealing with management issues related to dental treatment. There is no study available from Pakistan on dental anxiety in child ... Read More
Background: Trauma scores help classify trauma patients, and assist in clinical decision-making. The Revised Trauma Score (RTS) is widely used internationally but its effectiveness as a tool for predi ... Read More
Background: Surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar is associated with a number of complications including postoperative bleeding, dry socket, postoperative infection, and injury ... Read More
Background:The mandibular foramen is of particular importance to the dentist and dental specialist as it marks the beginning of the mandibular canal, which transmits inferior alveolar nerve and vess ... Read More
Background:Beck Depression Inventory is frequently used for assessing depression across different cultures. Despite widely application of Beck Depression Inventory, there is surprisingly lack ... Read More
Background:Use of trans-radial route for cardiac catheterization is on the rise but is associated with increased radiation exposure to the operator. Our aim was to compare the radiation exposure, by t ... Read More
Background: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the most important complication and the leading cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hypercholesterolemia is an imp ... Read More
Background: Hyponatremia is the most commonly encountered electrolyte disorder in children. In our country the epidemiology of hospital acquired hyponatremia has hardly ever been explored whereas the ... Read More
Background: The magnitude of under nutrition among children below five years of age is high in Pakistan. Undernutrition and infections are the two most important factors that affect the growth of chi ... Read More
Background: Adipokines have been implicated in the modulation of insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance and have thus gained importance in the study of Type 2 diabetes mell ... Read More
Background: Many under graduate medical colleges are in the process of mapping their curriculum. This process was investigated in three typical medical schools of Pakistanby semi-structured ... Read More
Background: Although literature does not provide a level-1 evidence to support either method of closure, various studies have shown a reduced frequency of superficial surgical site infection with dela ... Read More
Background: Advanced laboratory investigations at reference laboratories play a key role in the diagnosis of the disease, but misuse of this precious and expensive tool may misguide the phy ... Read More
Background:Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen and its prevalence in the chicken meat and eggs acts as a continuous threat to human population. The current studies covering a time period of t ... Read More
Background: The use of -blockers is limited by adverse effects such as bronchospasm in asthmatics. Third generation -blockers such as nebivolol may show better tolerability in asthmatic su ... Read More
Background:Nigella sativa or “Kalonji” is a naturally occurring plant in Pakistan and other countries which possesses a wide range of medicinal properties, the anti-inflammatory property bei ... Read More
Background: Kashin-Beck Disease (KBD) is a chronic deforming osteoarthritisstarting in early childhood and affecting the cartilage metabolism and endochondral ossification. Selenium (Se) def ... Read More
Corruption in health care sector affects all countries, including the United States, China and India. Pakistan is no exception. It is preventing people from having access to the quality ... Read More
Oct 2005 earthquake was a great tragedy, which resulted in hundreds of paraplegics. This was the largest number of Spinal cord injuries (SCI) reported in a natural disaster. The health care system of ... Read More
A 23 year old lady reported with the chief complains of missing teeth. She had been diagnosed much earlier by the physicians for Ectodermal dysplasia. General examination revealed sparse hair, absence ... Read More
This three hours old girl was transferred to Valley Hospital from another Private Hospital. She was born full term by C-section due to poor progress in 2nd stage .She had low Apgars at birth and neede ... Read More
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) is a procedure in which a tube is placed in the stomach through abdominal wall with the help of flexible upper Gastrointestinal Endoscope. Thi ... Read More
Congenital Hypothyroidism is one of the most common preventable causes of mental retardation which is highly prevalent in our society due to lack of a national neonatal screen ... Read More
Hydatid disease of the bone usually is asymptomatic and is found as an accidental finding during unrelatedimaging. However, they can become symptomaticdue to enlargement and pressure effect or ... Read More
Angelman Syndrome (AS) is believed to be a complex neuro-developmental genetic disorder that is often described clinically by the presence of behavioural uniqueness and movement disorders; ... Read More
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is life threatening fungal infection of central nervous system (CNS). Although it is commonly associated with immunosuppression but rarely it can occur ... Read More
Hypo-magnesaemia is an under diagnosed condition in patients of cystic fibrosis. Here a case is reported of an imminent complete respiratory failure, which was avoided ... Read More
A 53 year old woman, diagnosed with Neurofibromatosis I with multiple neurfibromas over trunk,upper limb & lower limb, she had café au lait spots on her abdomen skin. She was admitted to the tertiary ... Read More
Acinar cell carcinoma is a rare tumour arising from pancreatic acinar cells. Typical radiological patterns associated with it may suggest the unusual diagnosis even before final ... Read More
Gingival fibromatosis(GF) is a rare condition with an estimated incidence of 1:750,000 in autosomal dominant cases and is supposedly genetic in origin. Gingival fibromatosis(GF) may occur as an isolat ... Read More
on Hipple Lindau disease is a rare genetic autosomal dominant disorder, characterized by formation of tumors and fluid-filled cysts (sacs) in multiple organs of the body, which also carry ... Read More
Naevus Sebaceous of Jadassohnis a rarely seen hamartomatous lesion and is a fourth type of sebaceous gland tumour, in which sebaceous glands show nevoid character of growth comp ... Read More
Cowden disease is a genetic syndrome resulting in formation of multiple premalignant hamartomas in different parts of the body with classical radiological features. In this report a case of ... Read More
Sodium glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of drug approved for the treatment of type-2 diabetes; however they are also increasingly used off label in t ... Read More
Background: Despite the high global prevalence of malnutrition, it remains under-treated, or undetected.The high energy nutritional supplements are usually prescribed to promote ra ... Read More
Background: The Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre(SKMCH & RC), is a tertiary care cancer centre, providing the best facilities in cancer diagnosis and treatm ... Read More
Background:Measles is a communicable viral disease which is a major public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing countries including Pakistan with ... Read More
Background:Cardiovascular diseases is the leading cause of death worldwide, yet very little data is available assessing the awareness of the younger population of Pakistan. The purpose of ... Read More
Background: Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Pakistan is one of the 22 high tuberculosis burden countries of the world sharing more than 80% of th ... Read More
Background: Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) isscoring system used for prioritization of patients waiting liver transplantation. Patients with decompensated chronic liver disease (DC ... Read More
Background:Studies of homocysteine in vascular disorders have yielded conflicting data. There are also differences based on various ethnicities and cultures. In this study, we have examined the homocy ... Read More
Background:Fissure in ano is one of the commonest benign and painful proctologic diseases causing considerable morbidity and reduction in quality of life. There are medical as well as ... Read More
Background: Electric and thermal tests are the most commonly employed methods for the diagnosis of pulp health status. The objectives of our study are to assess the validity, yield and accuracy of col ... Read More
Background:Tumours of the spinal cord, spinal meninges and cauda equina are relatively rare and their spectrum has not been studied extensively in Khyber Pakhtun Khawa province. We describe h ... Read More
Background: Oral white lesions constitute a major clinical problem in Pakistan and South Asian countries. The study was done with the objective to analyse oral white lesions histologically and clinica ... Read More
Background:Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common anomaly affecting 1–3% of all children and 30–50% of those with urinary tract infection (UTI). In the past febrile vesicoureteric refluxon chronic an ... Read More
Background: As a front line state in war against terror, Pakistan has been a victim of terrorism, for the last many years & Baluchistan has been the hub of all such terror activities. Theobjective of ... Read More
Background: In Pakistan Routine Immunization coverage has been reported to be significantly low due to multiple factors that results in high number of deaths in children under 5.This study was conduc ... Read More
Background:Functional appliances have been used since many decades for the correction of mandibular retrognathism. Similar oral appliances are atreatment modality for patients with ... Read More
Background:Visual impairment due to refractive errors is one of the most common problems among school-age children and is the second leading cause of treatable blindness. The Righ ... Read More
Background: The health status of pregnant women depends largely on the quality of the antenatal and delivery services available to them. Maternal mortality remains a major public health problem with ... Read More
Background:Researchers have categorized the learning styles in many ways.Kolb proposed aclassification of learner’s styles as convergers, divergers, assimilators and accommodators. Honey and Mumford s ... Read More
Background: Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are serious global public health problems with a prevalence of 10–15% with majority of the cases seen in the developing countries inclu ... Read More
Background: Trauma remains one of the most frequent presentations in emergency departments. Imaging has established role in setting of acute trauma with ability to identify potentially f ... Read More
Background: In many developing countries measles is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Despite of vaccination thousands of children have been infected by measles virus during last c ... Read More
Background: Successful arteriovenous fistula (AVF)significantly reduces both the morbidity as well as mortality of the patients who have end stage renal disease, and significantly improve their surviv ... Read More
Background: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP)shunt has been widely utilized in the treatment of hydrocephalus as a safe option but there is recent literature evidence that ventricularatrial(VA) shunt ... Read More
Background:Femoral shaft fracture is one of the common fractures seen in accident and emergency department of our hospital. Violent forces are required to break this and strongest of human bones. Ther ... Read More
Background:Diabetes mellitus is a common disease. Similarly, ultrasound findings of fatty change and renal crystals are commonly seen on ultrasound. In the personal observation of themain author over ... Read More
Background:Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) occurs to a greater extent in developed than developing countries like Pakistan. Our understanding of risk factors leading to this diseas ... Read More
Background:Patients with Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment may develop raised intraocular pressure and recurrence of retinal detachmentwhen they undergo external retinal detachment s ... Read More
Background: Prisoners as a high risk group are never recommended for blood donations. In Pakistan, prisoners are legally allowed to donate blood and get thirty days extra rem ... Read More
Background:Haemorrhoids have been diagnosed and treated since the dawn of civilization, yet their cause, nature, symptomatology and especially their treatment options, remain hotly debated. The genera ... Read More
Background: Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are emerging as common nosocomial pathogens and important cause of mortality and morbidity, if not treated properly.The need of the hour is to ... Read More
Background:The management of Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (SRNS) is an uphill task for paediatric nephrologists as immunosuppressive agentsare the mainstay of treatment in these patients. Tacr ... Read More
Background: Traditionally, poor obturation has been considered the primary cause of root canal treatment failures The purpose of this study was to assess the success rate of overfilled root canal ... Read More
Background: Various diseases affect the liver, among them, malignant and benign tumours withhepatic nodules are the most important. We aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological findings related to hep ... Read More
Background: Thailand is the country where large numbers of old population are living in rural areas. Multiple factors are influencing the health of old people but falling is the biggest cause affec ... Read More
Background: Toxoplasmagondii(T. gondii)infection is one of the most common parasitic infections among humans and other warm-blooded animals worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate toxoplasmos ... Read More
Background: Mycobacterial culture is considered as the gold standard for TB diagnosis. It is performed on egg-based media using commercially available eggs to grow Mycobacteria from cli ... Read More
Background: Interpretation of gait data obtained from modern 3D gait analysis is a challenging and time consuming task. The aim of this study was to create neural network modelswhich can recognise the ... Read More
neovascularisation (CNV) in young adults without any apparent manifestations of primary ocular or systemic diseases We aim to assess characteristics and pathological changes at various stages in ICNVb ... Read More
Rubella is a mild infection of childhood and young adults with 75% of cases occurring in age group 15–45 years. In unvaccinated populations, rubella usually occurs in spring with epidemics in 6–9 year ... Read More