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The purpose of this study was to explore social, cultural, and institutional barriers to female labour force
participation in Lahore, Pakistan. A qualitative analysis using semi-structured interviews was carried out on nine
women, who were employed and had been working for at least three years in education, banking, and
manufacturing sectors. The data were analyzed by the NVivo software program. Thematic analysis revealed that
cultural barriers (male dominance, gender stereotype, joint family system, and the influence of relatives), social
barriers (viz., children upbringing, care of older family members, social acceptability, social isolation, and
interfamily challenges), and institutional barriers (policies and procedures, opportunity biases, rewards and
awards, and behavior of male colleagues) affected female labor force participation. This study suggests that nongovernment organizations, governments, and society in general, should play an active role to create viable
conditions for women to work.
Shazia Kousar, Syeda Azra Batool, Saeed Ahmad Sabir, Mahwish Zafar. (2019) Social, Cultural and Institutional Barriers to Female Labour Force Participation, Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, Volume 17, Issue 2.
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