Abstract
Pakistan with federation of four provincial administrative boundaries, it is heterogeneous based on linguistic-ethnicity and class. Income shared by bottom 20% is less than one tenth to top 20%. This situation is severe under ethnic—class intersectionality. Researchers shed light on vertical inequality but, gave less importance to group inequalities and their potential interaction. This study invested effort to measure horizontal inequality in socio-economic wellbeing and tested intersectionality between ethnicity and class by utilizing nationally representative household level data of Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM-2015). Two proxies used for measuring the income level: (a) total amount received by all household members from all possible earning sources of the household, (b) weighted asset index. Mean years of schooling is used for measuring education level to test intersectionality with ethnicity. Empirical findings contain detailed description of wellbeing based on ethnicity and social class, further, for instance, ethnic inequality is measured using group Gini index. Contribution of socio- economic factors in horizontal inequality is estimated using two step, regression- based decomposition analysis. Group Gini estimates reveal that ethnic inequality in asset index is higher than income estimates. Results using interaction terms show that for every unit increase in schooling years, there are disproportionate gains in economic status among ethnic groups. Contribution in economic inequality is shared by ethnicity, employment status, education, housing amenities and demography. Improvement required in level of education and housing amenities for Balochi, Sindhi, and Siraiki, as these communities are found to have less productivity gains with reference to other communities.

Faisal Munir, Sami Ullah. (2020) Measuring Horizontal Inequality in Income: An Intersectionality Perspective on Ethnicity and Education in Pakistan, Orient Research Journal of Social Sciences, Volume 5, Issue-2.
  • Views 406
  • Downloads 62

Article Details

Volume
Issue
Type
Language